Cheating in Education Today

On the last day of the term, I needed to grade a set of papers while my class was taking the same test in order to distribute exam waivers by the end of the day. Suspecting that students coming to my desk might accidentally see answers on the key for the one multiple choice page, I coded the answers on my answer key the multiple choice responses so that I AB, BC and so on and proceeded to grade papers. My suspicions were correct: Of the fifteen or so students in the room, six came to my desk once or twice, returning to his seat with a smug smile. I felt a twinge of guilt as I watched them quickly scribbling answers, considering the situation had a flavor of entrapment, but decided these students might learn an unexpected lesson. The slickness of their moves was dismaying, but I felt worse seeing which students were cheating-- only those I had held in highest regard. When all papers finally were in, I said I had bad news for all those people who had cheated. Innocent cries of Who cheated, ensued, loudest from those who had. But they ceased when I said the cheaters had reproduced a perfect pattern of wrong answers. I had believed cheating in my classes was tightly controlled. I rarely gave credit for rechecked answers, I kept assignments until students can no longer get credit for turning in copied work, and I rarely gave multiple choice tests. Nevertheless, during final exam week I found a little crib sheet stuck on a shelf and another lying on the floor. Perhaps more telling, a few students who rarely complete their work left the room once they realized cheating on the essay exam would be impossible. Apparently, their experience had given them confidence that they can get away with cheating. I wondered if this confidence made studying seem a waste of time. A Nationwide Problem Survey results about the prevalence of cheating in high school taken by Whos Who Among American High School Students in 1993 revealed that an alarming 89% of high school students thought cheating was common and 78% had cheated.It seems logical to assume that successful cheating in high school inspires cheating at the college level, for surveys taken in 1990 indicate as many as 45% college students cheated in one or two courses and 33%, in eight or more courses. The problem, however, is not just with the students themselves, in a recent U.S. News Poll 20% of adults felt there was nothing wrong with parents completing their childs homework. Resources That Help Detect Cheating and Plagiarism While, discouragingly, there are many internet sites that give examples of slick cheating techniques and sell pre-written term papers, there are many other online resources to help teachers catch cheaters. One of the best is Grammerly, which has a plagiarism checker as well as providing strong grammar checking tools.

The Media Of Body Image - 2000 Words

Once upon a time, you probably liked your body and appreciated the many things it could do, but the route to adulthood, doubts and insecurities may have crept in. The images the media exposures the society to are of thin and beautiful women and extremely muscular men. There are negative affects to what the media is showing the body image and mood states of young women and men. The mass media is designed to reach large audiences through the use of technology. From the moment nations wakes up until they fall asleep they are confronted with media. Every home in America has at least one or more of these things a TV, the internet, and cell phones. When driving down the highway it is almost impossible not to see some type of advertisement. What the media portrays of body image affects teens negatively through using stereotypes, and promoting unnecessary products. The media uses stereotypes to portray what a normal body should look like. Women are often shown unrealistically thin and men w ith abnormally great muscle tone. These advertisements are damaging the youths mental health but also the physical state. When the youth gets too damaged it could lead to eating disorders and other not so healthy things. Never fear though if they develop a eating disorder there are many places to seek help. Thesis: Although accepting more normal body types has become a recent trend, the mass media should not have such a big effect on the society’s body image. Thousands of advertisementsShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Body Image1453 Words   |  6 Pagesknow that the media and body image are closely related. Particularly, how the body image advertising portrays affects our own body image. Research documented adolescents as they are more at risk for developing unhealthy attitudes toward their bodies. They are at a time where they re focused on developing their individual identities, making them susceptible to social pressure and media images. A major reason many people have a negative body image is because of the impact that the media has had on ourRead MoreMedia and Body Image1118 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has become a powerful source for changes in our society. There are so many factors and reasons for our society changing. Today I find most people obsessively worried about their body image. We all have a body and at one time or another, we worry about it. Women and men are both being affected by media sources such as television, ad vertising, magazines, music, and video games; not to mention the photo manipulation that goes along with it all. Questions can be asked; such as, â€Å"Is this theRead MoreMedia and Body Image729 Words   |  3 PagesEver wonder why more and more teenagers are having issues with their body image? As society grows, more and more young adults are becoming self-conscious about their bodies and how they look. Girls and boys alike are taught, though not verbally how they should look, from celebrities they see on TV to toys they used to play with and magazines they read on a daily basis. Media make being satisfied with how your body looks extremely difficult and it is getting out of hand. More and more young adultsRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Body Image1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of body image is influenced by external factors as culture, society norms, especially with the development of modern social media, it has grown up to be an important element in affecting the perc eption of body image to shape the body image. The influence of mass media may be related to the social comparison process of appearance in female and male. The ideal media body image, it is easy to compare in everyday life, and that will result to dissatisfaction with people s body size. On theRead MoreMedia Vs. Body Image1374 Words   |  6 Pages029 October 17, 2015 Media vs. the body Image Body image remains to be a very controversial topic in today’s society, because of how easy it is to become a hate crime over a small comment on how small or big someone’s body is. Today, it is unavoidable to see the look that it seems society wants us to look. Professor Susan Bordo writes the article, â€Å"Never Just Pictures†, describing her investigation between the media and its effects on how people view their bodies. She uses ethos, logos, andRead MoreMedia Impact On Body Image1254 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact of media models on children’s and adolescents’ body image? Over recent times, the media has become a prominent part in the upbringing of young people. In particular the manner by which the media portrays body image has changed in numerous ways. Body image is defined as â€Å"a person’s perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about his or her body† by Grogan (as cited in Zaccagni, Masotti, Donati Gualdi-Russo, 2014). There is a stronger focus of what is considered to be the perfect body type andRead MoreThe Media and Body Image Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has at least one TV, the internet, and a cell phone. You cannot drive down the street without seeing billboard signs. Checking out at the grocery store can be tricky if trying to avoid magazines. There are more forms of media available today the n ever before; consequentlyRead MoreMedia Effects On Body Image Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesSpecific age groups and mostly women have been studied regarding media effects on body image. These studies did not test the external stimuli created by peer groups that have an impact on a person’s self-idealization. This study addressed individual age groups divided by gender in order to determine how much media effects body idealization and if gender peer group opinions impact self-idealization when viewing media models. Methods The methods used in this study incorporated individuals into groupsRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Body Image1484 Words   |  6 Pages Media has developed to become omnipresent in the day to day lives of the westernized societies. The media is considered a gigantic umbrella that houses a plethora of different outlets underneath it such as television, music videos, magazines, commercials, video games and social media. In this paper, the effects of media and various media types are examined to understand their potential outcomes. Focusing on how and if media affects body image in girls and women, the themes of dieting awarenessRead MoreMedia Effects Body Image1656 Words   |  7 PagesApril 6, 2014 The Effects of Mass Media on African American Women Body Images Over the past 10 years, mass media and the access to social networks has evolved substantially causing the effects of negative self-image and what is considered beautiful. Body image expectations for both African-American male and female share the battles of society’s expectations, yet African American women body images come with a stricter and more unhealthy stigma; growth of social media such as Facebook, Instagram and

Database Optimization Saving Time and CPU Usage Essay

Database optimization is something, that while may go unnoticed, is very important a very important for saving time and CPU usage. In attempting queries on the math database downloaded form stackexchange. A query is an expression written in a programming language, in this case SQL, that is used for data look up in a database. Stackexchange is a large compressed file that contains a record of all the forums from the website stackoverflow.com. I specifically used the math files since they are one of the largest files in size and serve as a perfect example for why database optimization, and finding efficient SQL queries is important. I have noticed that complicated queries can be optimized to make for faster, more complete results. With the†¦show more content†¦( Query Optimization in Database Systems) To sum it up query optimization is important so that these costs can be reduced as much as possible even as the amount of data increases. Using the schema: users id integer, name text, rep, integer, about text) posts( id integer, title text, owner_id text, post_id, created text) com(comment_id integer, post_id integer, comment_text text, user_id integer), I ran a query â€Å"SELECT COUNT(post_id), created FROM posts GROUP BY created† to get a count of how many posts were made and on what days. This took anywhere from five to ten seconds to run which is a pretty good amount of time. The problem with the query is that it is too simple. Every time it is run it is searching the entire database and printing everything out. For one thing this is not ideal since it is not very readable and the information is not very specific. To make this query better I added on â€Å"WHERE† clauses to give it a specific target. If looking for a how many posts where created on 2010-03-27 14:53:20.727 then run query â€Å"SELECT count(post_id) FROM posts WHERE created = 2010-03-27 14:53:20.727. 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Oracle released Exadata Database Machine in 2010 to deliver the highest levels of database performance available. Though Oracle claimed that it wants to be the leading applications vendor in the world, it failed to openly accept SAP HANA as its competitor. 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Impacts of Automatic Cars

Question: Explain about the how automatic cars have affected the financial structure of the country but it has some good impacts on the society as well. Answer: Introduction: Two organizations have merged together and implemented a new innovative car which is to be operated without drivers. Google has developed a robotic programming and has implemented this as futuristic driver less cars. The organization has taken the full responsibility of the passengers. It has been observed that it is white technology that has supported such an auto pilot system and has increased the awareness of the drivers in controlling the vehicle in emergency situation (Stanton, 2015). The organization has not changed the basic design of the cars such as steering wheel, pedals, clutch and break. The organization has named the new vehicle Catch 22 (Litman, 2014). The organization has already implemented driverless cars and is continuing the research process. The organization expects that this product will be released in the market within a couple of years . Main body: Article 1: It has been observed the utopian vision of the motor vehicle has helped the organization in implementing the auto driving facility in the cars. Therefore, the drivers can work or take rest while driving the cars. The organization has claimed that it is the highest technological achievements till now (Fagnant Kockelman, 2014). However, the organization has not changed the basic settings of the mechanical parts of the cars because with these the drivers can control the vehicle in case of an emergency. The necessary parts of the cars such as steering wheel, pedal, clutch and break remain same so that the drivers can drive the cars smoothly. The organization has renamed this as Catch 22 (Burns, 2013). The organization has claimed that the drivers will not require to drive the computer drive cars. As stated by Le, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), sometimes the computer driven cars are reliable but the reliability cannot be guaranteed. As argued by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), the drivers can understand the road conditions better than the programmers and engineers. It has been observed that customers are often facing regarding reading, working, internet and email usage and other such facilities in these driverless cars. However, nobody is aware about the facilities of these driverless cars (Merat et al., 2012). According to the 20 Years research report it has been found that drivers are far more necessary than an automatic system(Firnkorn Mller, 2015). As stated by Firnkorn and Mller (2015), the human drivers fail to intervene when these automatic driving systems. According to Litman, (2014), the organization needs to develop a new system which delivers continuous information to the drivers. On the other hand, it has been found the automated braking system is 5 times slower than the manual braking system (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The organization has observed such robotic cars reduce the responsibility of the drivers as they have little or no control on the vehicle. Article 2: Google has already released footage of the prototype of the driverless cars. On the other hand, the organization has already influenced people about the potential of the self-driving cars. This idea may not be new, but the implemented excellent technological innovation is. It has been observed that large car manufacturers have already installed the old 1920s autonomous car programming system named as magic highway (theconversation.com, 2014). Customers seem to extremely be confused about their choice because most of the cars have a bad impact on the environment. It is understood that often such specific cars face difficulty in sustaining themselves in the market due to the presence of stiff competition. As stated by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), customers seem to be perplexed about more than one million car models present in the market (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The numbers of car owners have increased in the rapidly developing economical countries such as Brazil, China and India (M erat et al., 2012). Moreover an increase in emissions has also resulted in the oil crisis and loss of sustainability. Therefore, it has been observed that such a disruptive trend cannot be sustained for long term without compromising on future generations. It has been observed that companies have implemented electric cars to decrease the dependency on fuel. As stated by Verberne, Ham and Midden (2012), the manufacturers have implemented various electric operated vehicles to the market. However, maximum customers prefer fuel powered vehicles to electric cars (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). Therefore the electric cars cannot be considered as a substitute for the fuel cars. As argued by Le, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), the self driven cars are safe for the people who cycle or walk on the road. It has been observed that self driven cars have been programmed to avoid any kind of obstacles. Google on the other hand has decided to implement the self driven cars as a replacement for the taxi (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The organization is hopeful that the cars will beneficial for short distances. The driverless cars also require a strong internet connection. It has been observed that more than 87% of people in the UK have a driving license (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). Therefore the self driving cars would not be beneficial for the professional drivers. Article 3: Uber has declared that their autonomous cars will be complete by 2025 and they will finally swap the autonomous cars by 2030 with the normal cars. As stated by Narla (2013), the environmental problem will make a fundamental restructuring economy. It has been observed that Tesla Motors has already implemented the self driven electric cars in 2015 (businessinsider.com, 2015). On the other hand the General Motors (GM) has planned to launch their self driven electric cars by 2017 (Firnkorn Mller, 2015). The CEO of GM has remarked that the smart monitoring and controlling system will control the steering, acceleration and breaking in self driving condition. It has been observed that Google and Tesla Motors have planned to implement a fully autonomous car (Merat et al., 2012). It is believed by these organizations that such cars will be publicly available by 2020 (Litman, 2014). According to the experts review, the customers will be slow to purchase the autonomous cars. The organization has observed that the cost of the ownership is nearly $US 9, 000 per year (businessinsider.com, 2015). However the automobile industry is hopeful that many people will buy automated cars. On the other hand, the ride sharing service like Uber and Zipcar will gain the popularity as an alternative to car ownership. As stated by Le Vine, Zolfaghari and Polak (2015), the autonomous car movement will reduce the vehicle population by 99%. This may also affect the insurance market, automotive finance market, parking industry and automotive aftermarket. Conclusion: It has been observed that the automated cars have affected the financial structure of the country but it has some good impacts on the society as well. The self driven cars will reduce 90% crashes and save approximately 30,000 lives every year. On the other hand, the automated cars will prevent more than 2.12 million injuries every year. It has been observed that 30% city traffic will reduce. The parking place, bus terminus and garages become obsolete. Therefore ample free space will available for real estate and metropolitan development. Reference list: Burns, L. D. (2013). Sustainable mobility: a vision of our transport future.Nature,497(7448), 181-182. businessinsider.com, (2015).How Uber's autonomous cars will destroy 10 million jobs and reshape the economy by 2025. Fagnant, D. J., Kockelman, K. (2014). PREPARING A NATION FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: 1 OPPORTUNITIES, BARRIERS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 2 CAPITALIZING ON SELF-DRIVEN VEHICLES 3.Transportation Research,20. Firnkorn, J., Mller, M. (2015). Free-floating electric carsharing-fleets in smart cities: The dawning of a post-private car era in urban environments?.Environmental Science Policy,45, 30-40. Le Vine, S., Zolfaghari, A., Polak, J. (2015). Autonomous cars: The tension between occupant experience and intersection capacity.Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies,52, 1-14. Litman, T. (2014). Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions.Victoria Transport Policy Institute,28. Merat, N., Jamson, A. H., Lai, F. C., Carsten, O. (2012). Highly automated driving, secondary task performance, and driver state.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,54(5), 762-771. Narla, S. R. (2013). The Evolution of Connected Vehicle Technology: From Smart Drivers to Smart Cars to... Self-Driving Cars.Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal,83(7), 22. Stanton, N,.(2015).Driverless cars are a catch 22: we do none of the driving, but take all of theresponsibility. theconversation.com,. (2014).Google's robotic, driverless cars may be futuristic, but they're not the droids we're looking for. Verberne, F. M., Ham, J., Midden, C. J. (2012). Trust in smart systems sharing driving goals and giving information to increase trustworthiness and acceptability of smart systems in cars.Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society,54(5), 799-810.

Claudio Monteverdi His Life And Contributions Essays -

Claudio Monteverdi: His Life And Contributions A comparison of two major Baroque composers: Claudio Monteverdi and Domenico Scarlatti The purpose of this paper is to analyze two psalms by Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (1567-1643) and Giovanni Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and compare and contrast the two pieces to find out how music changed throughout the Baroque period. While historians grouped music of the Baroque period together based on certain characteristics, the music did not remain the same throughout the period, as it would not for any other musical time period. Composers from different points in the Baroque period were chosen, but the things the two composers had in common were the country of residence and their nationality. Special care was taken to chose composers from the same country so that differences could not be accounted as being because of different nationalistic styles. The piece by Monteverdi, Confitebor tibi, Domine (Psalm 110), was a psalm that was used as part of the vespers on Sundays. This particular psalm is found in varied forms in the publication Selva morale et spirituale, published around 1640. This setting is set for four voices and solo soprano voice, and is accompianed by continuo. The piece begins and ends in C major, with use of very few accidentals. The accidentals in this piece were used to create a leading tone to the fifth or tonic. The piece is mostly homorhythmic and has a combination of polyphony and homophony. Occasionally there is a duet with the soprano and solo soprano lines. The piece is written in Latin, which was common practice for the time. There are no indicated dynamics, and there is use of musica ficta. In the transcription used in this paper, bar lines were added since almost none existed in the actual manuscript, and some corrections were made in the number of rests in some places in the score. The psalm composed by Scarlatti, called Laetatus sum (Psalm 121), is set for four voices (SATB), continuo, and solo soprano and alto lines. This piece is also a part of the vesper psalms used in church. There is use of imitative polyphony within the chorus parts and within the solo lines, but the chorus lines and solo lines did not imitate eachother so in essence, the piece is a duet and a chorus piece put together. There is figured bass present throughout the psalm setting. The text is actually the text to psalm 122. There is octave doubling in the bass, and the fifth occurs often since it was considered to be perfect or somehow godly. What makes this psalm different from Scarlatti's other psalms is that it is the only psalm that exhibits an organized concerto style. This psalm is also written in Latin, and has no indicated dynamics. It begins in D major, and switches to A and E major, and b and a minor throughout the setting, and ends back on D major. The piece does have some ornam entation, consisting of argued trills. The argument comes from odd markings on the original manuscript. Some people feel that the markings were just hastily drawn trills, while others feel they may actually be mordants. In the transcription listed here, they are all listed as trills. There probably was not a lot of ornamentation put into the music because there was an idea that if the music became too frilly it took away from the sacred message it was supposed to send. While both pieces are a part of each composer's library of sacred music, they are in some respects not very much alike and in others they are very similar. There are the obvious things they have in common such as the fact that they are written in Latin. That is not too suprising considering some churches still used Latin as the primary language in their services, even though in the Baroque period many churches began using the vernacular so the patrons would understand the services. Aside from that, Monteverdi, being more influenced by the Renaissance due to his time of birth, demonstrates music practices that are more indicative of the early Baroque with his use of homophony throughout his setting of Psalm 110. It is obvious that Monteverdi used

Natufian Period - Hunter-Gatherer Ancestors of the PPN

Natufian Period - Hunter-Gatherer Ancestors of the PPN The Natufian culture is the name given to the sedentary Late Epi-Paleolithic hunter-gatherers living in the Levant region of the near east between about 12,500 and 10,200 years ago. The Natufians foraged for food such as emmer wheat, barley, and almonds, and hunted gazelle, deer, cattle, horse, and wild boar. The direct descendants of the Natufian (known as the pre-pottery Neolithic or PPN) were among the earliest farmers on the planet. Natufian Communities For at least part of the year, Natufian people lived in communities, some quite large, of semi-subterranean houses. These semi-circular one-room structures were excavated partly into the soil and built of stone, wood and perhaps brush roofs. The largest Natufian communities (called base camps) found to date include Jericho, Ain Mallaha, and Wadi Hammeh 27. Smaller, short-range dry season foraging camps may have been part of the settlement pattern, although evidence for them is scarce. The Natufians located their settlements at the boundaries between coastal plains and hill country, to maximize their access to a wide variety of food. They buried their dead in cemeteries, with grave goods including stone bowls and dentalium shell. Some Natufian groups were seasonally mobile, while some sites show evidence of multiple-season occupation, along with long-term reoccupation, long-distance travel, and exchange. Nastasic / Getty Images Natufian Artifacts Artifacts found at Natufian sites include grinding stones, which were used to process seeds, dried meats, and fish for planned meals and to process ochre for likely ritual practices. Flint and bone tools and dentalium shell ornaments are also part of Natufian cultural material. Over 1,000 pierced marine shells have been recovered from Epipaleolithic sites in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea region. Specific tools such as stone sickles created for harvesting various crops are also a hallmark of Natufian assemblages. Large middens (organic rubbish dumps) are known at Natufian sites, located where they were created (rather than recycled and placed in secondary refuse pits). Dealing with refuse is one defining characteristics of the descendants of the Natufians, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Grains and Beer Making in the Natufian Some fairly rare evidence suggests that that the Natufian people may have cultivated barley and wheat. The line between horticulture (tending wild stands of crops) and agriculture (planting new specific stands) is a fuzzy one and difficult to discern in the archaeological record. Most scholars believe that moving to agriculture was not a one-time decision, but rather a series of experiments that may well have taken place during the Natufian or other hunter-gatherer subsistence regimes. Researchers Hayden et al. (2013) compiled circumstantial evidence that the Natufians brewed beer and used it in the context of feasting. They argue that production of beverages from fermented barley, wheat, and/or rye may well have been an impetus for early agriculture, for assuring that a ready source of barley was available. Getty Images / Getty Images Natufian Archaeological Sites Natufian sites are located in the Fertile Crescent region of western Asia. Some of the important ones include: Israel: Mt. Carmel, Ain Mallaha (Eynan), Hayonim Cave, Nahal Oren, Rosh Zin, Rosh Horesha, Skhul Cave, Hilazon Tachtit, Kebara Cave, Raqefet CaveJordan: Wadi Hammeh, Wadi Judayid, Kharaneh IV, Jilat 6Syria: Abu HureyraPalestine: JerichoTurkey: Gobekli Tepe Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to the Origins of Agriculture, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Bar-Yosef O. 2008. ASIA, WEST: Palaeolithic Cultures. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 865-875. Grosman L, and Munro ND. 2016. A Natufian Ritual Event. Current Anthropology 57(3):311-331. Grosman L, Munro ND, and Belfer-Cohen A. 2008. A 12,000-year-old burial from the southern Levant (Israel) – A case for early Shamanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(46):17665–17669. Hayden, Brian. What Was Brewing in the Natufian? An Archaeological Assessment of Brewing Technology in the Epipaleolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Neil Canuel, Jennifer Shanse, Volume 20, Issue 1, SpringerLink, January 31, 2012. Hayden BD. 2008. AGRICULTURE: Social Consequences. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 123-131. Lengyel G, Nadel D, and Bocquentin F. 2013. The Natufian at Raqefet Cave. In: Bar-Yosef O, and Valla FR, editors. Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia. Ann Arbor, Michigan: International Monographs in Prehistory. p 478-504. Maher LA, Richter T, Macdonald D, Jones MD, Martin L, and Stock JT. 2012. Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan. PLoS ONE 7(2):e31447. Maher LA, Richter T, and Stock JT. 2012. The Pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic: Long-term Behavioral Trends in the Levant. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21(2):69-81. Maher LA, Stock JT, Finney S, Heywood JJN, Miracle PT, and Banning EB. 2011. 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Insurance Risk Securilization Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Insurance Risk Securilization - Thesis Example The insured part of the contract is to promise to pay an amount of money, known as the premium, either once or regular intervals." "Insurance is a device to share the financial losses which might befall on an individual or his family on the happening of special event" (Kaur n.d. p.4). The event can be death of a bread-winner to the family in the case of life insurance, marine-perils in marine insurance, fire in fire insurance and other certain events in general insurance, e.g, theft in burglary insurance, accident in motor insurance, etc. These events may occur any time within the insured period. The insurer has to provide a fixed amount or indemnify the amount of occurred due to the insured perils. Hence, insurers bear a great risk of paying huge amount of fund at any time if the insured peril is occurred. As large as the insured amount and the probability of happening insured peril, the Insurance Risk for insurers is large. Reinsurance is an arrangement whereby an original insurer who has insured a risk insures a part of that risk again with another insurer, that is to say, reinsures a part of the risk in order to diminish his own liability. ... The policyholder is usually not aware that reinsurance has been arranged as no mention is made of it on the policy." Advantages of Reinsurance 1. The original insurer can accept the risk to the extent of his limit. In absence of reinsurance, a person desiring a large amount of insurance will have to take a number of policies from several insurers. The reinsurance contract makes it possible to purchase only one policy from an insurer. 2. Reinsurance makes it possible to accept each risk for the very amount desired by the proposer and to transfer the excess above the 'retention limit' to another insurer. 3. The reinsurance gives the benefit of the greater stability resulting from a widespread of business. By accepting many risks and scaling down, by reinsurance, all those that are larger than the normal carrying capacity of the insurer justifies, certainly in business is substituted for uncertainty through the better application of the law of average. 4. The insurance makes stability in underwriting and consistency in underwriting results over a period. 5. It provides a safeguard against serious effects of conflagration. 6. The reinsurance has the effect of stabilizing income and losses over a period of years. Capital Market The capital markets consist of the markets in which the intermediate and long-term securities of individuals, business firms, and governmental units are issued and traded. Capital markets are frequently subdivided into three parts-the bond market, the mortgage market, and the stock market. On the other word, capital market is the market where "long-term capital is raised by industry and commerce, the government, and local authorities" (Barclays Capital-Campus Recruitment, n.d.). The Glossary of Capital Market states that